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Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA)

Scientific Rating:
2
Supported by Research Evidence
See scale of 1-5
Child Welfare Relevance Level:
Medium

See descriptions of 3 levels

Brief Description

The information in this program outline is provided by the program representative and edited by the CEBC staff. The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) program has been rated by the CEBC in the area of: Substance Abuse Treatment (Adolescent).

  • Types of Maltreatment: Does not target any specific kind of maltreatment
  • Target Population: Adolescents aged 12 to 22 with substance abuse issues

A-CRA is a behavioral intervention that seeks to increase the family, social, and educational/vocational reinforcers of an adolescent to support recovery from substance abuse and dependence. The manual outlines an outpatient program that targets youth 12-22 years old with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) cannabis, alcohol, and/or other substance use disorders. A-CRA also has been implemented in intensive outpatient and residential treatment settings and the adult model, Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), has been found effective with adults. A-CRA includes guidelines for three types of sessions: adolescents alone, caregivers alone, and adolescents and caregivers together. According to the adolescent's needs and self-assessment of happiness in multiple areas of functioning, therapists choose from among 17 A-CRA procedures that address, for example, problem-solving skills to cope with stressors, communication skills, and participation in positive social and recreational activities with the goal of improving life satisfaction and eliminating substance use problems.

The goals of the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) are to:

  • Promote abstinence from alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs.
  • Promote positive social activity.
  • Promote positive peer relationships and improved relationships with family.
  • Motivate caregiver participation in the A-CRA treatment process.
  • Promote the caregiver’s support of the adolescent’s abstinence from alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs.
  • Provide information to the caregiver about effective parenting practices.
  • Help the adolescent and caregiver(s) create a home and community environment conducive to recovery.
  • Teach the adolescent problem-solving, communication, and other important skills through the use of role-playing.

Essential Components

A-CRA can best be understood as a toolbox of different procedures that clinicians are trained to use as appropriate with a participant. The clinician has flexibility to decide when and if to use procedures. The following is a list of the procedures:

  • Overview of A-CRA:Used during the initial session to describe the basic objective of the intervention and duration; includes an outline of procedures, sets positive expectations, and begins to identify the adolescent’s reinforcers.
  • Functional Analysis of Substance Use: Based on a description of a common episode/behavior, internal and external triggers are outlined, using/non-using behaviors are clarified, positive and negative consequences of the behavior are clarified, and examples of how the information would be used are discussed.
  • Functional Analysis of Pro-Social Behavior: Based on a description of a common episode/behavior, internal and external triggers are outlined, the pro-social behavior is clarified, positive and negative consequences of the behavior are outlined, and examples of how the information would be used are discussed.
  • Happiness Scale: The adolescent rates various areas of his/her life on a scale from 1 to 10 and the ratings are reviewed in order to help learn about the adolescent, learn what is going well in his/her life, and identify areas that might be appropriate for goal setting to improve his/her life.
  • Treatment Plans/Goals of Counseling: The Happiness Scale is used to select a goal category and set a goal using guidelines (must be brief, positive, specific, and within the adolescent’s control), and progress of goals set is reviewed in subsequent sessions.
  • Increasing Pro-Social Recreation: The importance of a satisfying social life is discussed and new activities to sample are identified through use of problem-solving skills or a functional analysis of pro-social behavior.
  • Systematic Encouragement: After an activity is identified (e.g., adolescent wants to become a member of the YMCA), appropriate questions are identified (e.g., cost, times facility is open), role-plays (e.g., phone call to the YMCA) are done, and an initial contact is made during the session, the experience is reviewed during the next session.
  • Drink/Drug Refusal Skills: Includes enlisting social support, reviewing high-risk situations, presenting/reviewing options for assertive refusal, and role-playing refusal skills.
  • Relapse Prevention: Includes administering the functional analysis for relapse, discussing the behavioral chain of events, and describing and setting up an early warning system.
  • Sobriety Sampling: Includes negotiating a reasonable period of sobriety, developing a specific plan for maintaining sobriety until the next session, developing a back-up plan, and reminding the adolescent of reinforcers for sobriety.
  • Communication Skills: Includes a discussion of why positive communication is important, a description/review of the three positive communication elements, and role-plays to practice skills.
  • Problem-Solving Skills: Includes problem definition, brainstorming possible solutions, eliminating undesired suggestions, selecting a potential solution to try, generating and addressing possible obstacles, and deciding on a related homework assignment to be reviewed at the following session.
  • Caregiver Overview, Rapport Building, and Motivation: Begins with an overview of A-CRA, sets positive expectations, reviews research regarding parenting practices for adolescent recovery, and keeps the discussion about the adolescent positive.
  • Adolescent-Caregiver Relationship Skills: Includes the use of several activities to help improve the relationship between the adolescent and the caregiver(s).
  • Homework: To reinforce skills learned during sessions, adolescents and their clinician decide on a homework assignment, discuss anticipated obstacles, and review the homework at the start of the next session, where the clinician assesses the outcome, modifies the plan if necessary, and provides reinforcers.
  • Job-Seeking Skills: Uses multiple strategies to teach the adolescent how to obtain and maintain a job.
  • Anger Management Skills: Includes the identification of reinforcers to manage anger, assistance in recognizing anger, and techniques to manage anger.

Child Component

Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) was designed with a child component that addresses the following presenting problems and symptoms:

  • Substance abuse and dependence and other areas derived from the adolescent’s happiness scale.

Age range: 12 – 22

Developmental Delays:

This program was not developed for children with developmental delays, and has not been tested for children with developmental delays.

Parent / Caregiver Component

Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) was designed with a parent/caregiver component that addresses the following presenting problems and symptoms:

  • Has an adolescent with substance abuse and dependence issues.

Group Format

Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) was not designed to be conducted in a group setting; but has been tested for use in a group setting.

Recommended group size:

5-8

Testing References:

Slesnick, N., Prestopnik, J. L., Meyers, R. J., & Glassman, M. (2007). Treatment outcome for street-living, homeless youth. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1237-1251.

Delivery Settings

This program is typically conducted in a(n):

  • Community Agency
  • Outpatient Clinic
  • Residential Care Facility
  • School

Homework

Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) includes a homework component:

Each session ends with a homework assignment that pertains to the subjects discussed during the session. Each session begins with the review of the previous session’s homework assignment.

Languages

Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) has materials available in a language other than English:

Spanish

For information on which materials are available in this language, please check on the program's website or contact the program representative (contact information is listed at the bottom of this page).

Resources Needed to Run Program

The typical resources for implementing the program are:

  • office space
  • digital recorder
  • computer/internet access
  • personnel willing to complete the certification process.

Minimum Provider Qualifications

In general, clinicians should have at least a Bachelor's degree in a clinical field, but those with Master’s degrees and more clinical experience, especially in cognitive behavioral approaches, may have better preparation to learn the model. The quality of a clinician's general counseling skills (e.g., empathy, genuineness, etc.) and their willingness to learn a manualized approach, record their sessions, and receive and respond to feedback on their performance are very critical to being successful with the model. Those pursuing certification as clinical supervisors in the model should have a Master’s degree.

Education and Training Resources

There is a manual that describes how to implement this program, and there is training available for this program.

Training Contacts:
Training is obtained:

Centralized training is provided for both clinicians and supervisors. It is expected that each clinician will work with a supervisor who is pursuing certification or is already certified as a supervisor in the model, followed by a certification process that requires uploading digital recordings to a secure website for expert review and feedback, and attending cross-site coaching calls. Once a supervisor achieves certification, it is possible to train and certify clinicians at his/her own site with verification from Chestnut Health Systems.

Number of days/hours:

The initial training is 28 hours. The certification process requires recording treatment sessions (so this occurs during actual treatment hours); the average coaching and feedback review time is 14 hours. So on average, basic certification is 42 hours. After individuals have made progress in certification, additional training workshops are available for training in how to use the procedures to address other co-occurring disorders and for supervisors.

Additional Resources:

There currently are additional qualified resources for training:

Implementation Information

Since Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) is highly rated on the Scientific Rating Scale, information was requested from the program representative on available pre-implementation assessments, implementation tools, and/or fidelity measures.

Show implementation information...

Pre-Implementation Assessments

To be given to organizations or providers in order to measure organizational or individual readiness:

Chestnut Health Systems has EBT Coordinators available to discuss possible implementation of A-CRA with interested organizations and individuals. After an organization or individual expresses interest in learning the intervention, the EBT Coordinator will make contact and learn more about the organization or individual so that they can make recommendations regarding training. Standard questions that are asked include:

  • How did you hear about the program?
  • Do you want us to explain A-CRA?
  • Are you applying for a specific grant application? If yes, which one?
  • Has your organization delivered adolescent treatment before? How would A-CRA be a part of your existing structure?
  • Please briefly describe your treatment program.
  • Are you familiar with the clinical supervisor/clinician model?
  • How many staff (clinical supervisors and clinicians) would you like trained?
  • How soon would you need this training?

Once an organization makes a decision to proceed with training, orientation calls are conducted with each site to review certification requirements for clinicians and supervisors (chestnut.org/LI/acra-acc/A-CRA_ACC_Certification_Requirements_for_Website_012309.pdf). To contact an EBT Coordinator, an organization or individual can e-mail ebtxquestions@chestnut.org.

Implementation Tools — for the program (e.g., implementation guides or manuals)

Sites implement by participating in a well-defined training and certification process, which is described on the A-CRA website (chestnut.org/LI/acra-acc) and in the following manuscript: Godley, S. H., Garner, B. R., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (in press). An electronic copy of the article Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, a large-scale dissemination and implementation model for evidence-based treatment and continuing care, can be obtained by contacting ebtxquestions@chestnut.org.

Fidelity Measures

There is an A-CRA checklist and a rating manual. Currently, the rating manual is only provided to individuals who have been trained as expert raters and/or certified A-CRA clinical supervisors.

  • The citation for the checklist is: Smith, J. E., & Meyers, R. J. (2006). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) procedures checklist. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.
  • The citation for the manual is: Smith, J. E., Lundy, S. L., & Gianini, L. (2007). Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) and Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) therapist coding manual. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems. Contact ebtxquestions@chestnut.org if interested in purchasing the rating manual.

The following article describes the training for A-CRA raters: Garner, B. R., Barnes, B. N., & Godley, S. H. (2009). Monitoring fidelity in the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA): The training process for A-CRA raters. Journal of Behavior Analysis in Health, Sports, Fitness, and Medicine, 2(1), 43-54.

Relevant Published, Peer-Reviewed Research

This program is rated a "2 - Supported by Research Evidence" on the Scientific Rating Scale based on the published, peer-reviewed research available. The practice must have at least one rigorous randomized controlled trial with a sustained effect of at least 6 months. Please see the Scientific Rating Scale for more information.

Child Welfare Outcome: Child/Family Well-Being

Show relevant research...

Godley, M. D., Godley, S. H., Dennis, M. L., Funk, R. R., & Passetti, L. L. (2002). Preliminary outcomes from the assertive continuing care experiment for adolescents discharged from residential treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23, 21-32.

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 114

Population:

  • Age range — 12-17 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 73.7% Caucasian, 16.6% African American, 2.5% Hispanic, 7.2% Other
  • Gender — 76.3% male, 23.7% female
  • Status — Adolescents recruited from residential treatment program for youth; all met criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnosis of current alcohol and/or marijuana dependence and lived in multi-county central Illinois area.

Location / Institution: Central Illinois

Summary: (To include comparison groups, outcomes, measures, notable limitations)
114 adolescents (mostly male) who stayed at least 7 days in residential treatment were randomly assigned to receive either usual continuing care (UCC) or UCC plus an assertive continuing care protocol (ACC) involving case management and the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA). Baseline & follow-up data for this study were collected through Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) interviews. Self-reported substance use, as well as urine and breathalyzer tests, were administered. ACC participants were significantly more likely to initiate and receive more continuing care services, to be abstinent from marijuana at 3 months post-discharge, and to reduce their 3-month post-discharge days of alcohol use. These preliminary findings demonstrate that an ACC approach designed for adolescents can increase linkage and retention in continuing care and improve short-term substance use outcomes. Limitations of the study include that the positive outcome findings were limited to frequency measures of substance abuse, which are limited to the first 114 participants enrolled and studied over the first 3 months of follow-up. Also, the observed effects of ACC were largely due to ACC directly providing services (vs. better linkage to UCC services); ACC didn’t lead to higher engagement or retention rates in UCC programs or to self-help group attendance.

Length of post-intervention follow-up: 3 months (90 days) post-discharge from residential treatment

Dennis, M. L., Godley, S. H., Diamond, G. S., Tims, F. M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J., Funk, R. R. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 197-213.M

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 600

Population:

  • Age range — 13-18 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 61% Caucasian/White, 30% African American/Black, 4% Hispanic/Latino, 6% Other/Mixed
  • Gender — Not Specified
  • Status — Adolescents and their families were recruited from sequential admissions to 4 treatment sites.

Location / Institution: Farmington, CT/University of Connecticut Health Center, Madison County, IL/Chestnut Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA/Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and St. Petersburg, FL/Operation PAR.

Summary: (To include comparison groups, outcomes, measures, notable limitations)
This article presents the main outcome findings from two inter-related randomized trials conducted at 4 sites to evaluate the effectiveness of 5 short-term outpatient interventions for adolescents with cannabis use disorders. Trial 1 compared 5 sessions of Motivational Enhancement Therapy plus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MET/CBT5) with a 12-session regimen of MET and CBT (MET/CBT12) and another that included family education and therapy components (Family Support Network [FSN]). Trial II compared the 5-session MET/CBT with the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) and Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT). All 5 Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) interventions demonstrated significant pre-post treatment improvements during the 12 months after random assignment to a treatment intervention in the 2 main outcomes: Days of abstinence, as measured by self-reports using Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) (a standardized semi-structured interview), and the percent of adolescents in recovery (no use or abuse/dependence problems and living in the community). Overall, the clinical outcomes were very similar across sites and conditions. Two notable limitations of the study are its reliance on participant self-report and the lack of a no-treatment control group.

Length of post-intervention follow-up: 38-46 weeks post-intervention (Treatment length 6-14 weeks, with 3, 6, 9, and 12-month follow-ups after intake).

Godley, M. D., Godley, S. H., Dennis, M. L., Funk, R. R., & Passetti, L. L. (2007). The effect of assertive continuing care on continuing care linkage, adherence, and abstinence following residential treatment for substance use disorders in adolescents. Addiction, 102, 81-93.

Type of Study: Two-group randomized design
Number of Participants: 183

Population:

  • Age range — 12-18 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 73% Caucasian, 18% African American, 3% Hispanic, 6% Other
  • Gender — Not Specified
  • Status — Participants each met criteria for one or more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) substance use dependence disorder and met American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM) placement criteria for non-medical residential treatment.

Location / Institution: Central Illinois

Summary: (To include comparison groups, outcomes, measures, notable limitations)
Prior to discharge from residential treatment, participants were randomly assigned to receive either usual continuing care (UCC), available at outpatient clinics in the 11-county study area, or assertive continuing care (ACC) involving case management and the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) via home visits. Self-reported interview data were collected at intake, 3, 6, and 9 months post-residential discharge. Urine test data and interviews with a caregiver were conducted at baseline and 3 months. ACC led to significantly greater continuing care linkage and retention and longer-term abstinence from marijuana. ACC also resulted in significantly better adherence to continuing care criteria which, in turn, predicted superior early abstinence. Superior early abstinence outcomes for both conditions predicted longer-term abstinence. A significant limitation of the study was the lack of statistical power to reliably measure the direct effect of ACC on abstinence. Another limiting factor was that long-term outcomes were limited to 9 months post-residential discharge and based only on self-report. Also, the findings are from a single residential program site.

Length of post-intervention follow-up: 3, 6, and 9 months post-discharge.

Slesnick, N., Prestopnik, J. L., Meyers, R. J., & Glassman, M. (2007). Treatment outcome for street-living, homeless youth. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1237-1251.

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 180

Population:

  • Age range — 14-22 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 41% Anglo, 30% Hispanic, 13% Native American, 3% African American, 1% Asian, 12% Other
  • Gender — Not Specified
  • Status — Participants were all engaged through the only drop-in center for homeless youth in Albuquerque, had all been living in metropolitan area for at least 3 months, met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for Alcohol or other Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, and met criteria for homelessness.

Location / Institution: Albuquerque, NM

Summary: (To include comparison groups, outcomes, measures, notable limitations)
Participants were assigned to either the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) or treatment as usual (TAU) condition. The Form 90, developed for National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) funded Project Match, was the primary measure of the quantity and frequency of alcohol drug use. To assess individual problem behaviors, the National Youth Survey Delinquency Scale (NYSDS) structured interview was used, as well as the Youth Self-Report (YSR) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). To measure youths’ coping, the adolescent version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) was used. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Youth assigned to the A-CRA condition, compared to TAU, reported significantly reduced substance use (37% vs. 17% reduction), depression (40% vs. 23%), and increased social stability (58% vs. 13%). In both conditions, youth improved in other behavioral domains including substance use, internalizing and externalizing problems, and emotion and task-oriented coping. One limitation of the study is that participants were only assessed at post-treatment. Also, all participants were recruited conveniently from a sample already accessing a drop-in center, indicating they might be more amenable to change or respond differently to treatment efforts than youth who do not access drop-in centers. Another important limitation to note is that the research assistants were not blinded to the treatment condition that youth were assigned, and youth were aware of the possible treatment conditions.

Length of post-intervention follow-up: 3 months or less.

Garner, B. R., Godley, S. H., Funk, R. R., Dennis, M. L., Smith, J. E., & Godley, M. D. (2009). Exposure to adolescent community reinforcement approach treatment procedures as a mediator of the relationship between adolescent substance abuse treatment retention and outcome. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36(3), 252-264.

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 399

Population:

  • Age range — 12-18 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 65% Caucasian, 20% African American, 3% Hispanic, 12% Other/Mixed
  • Gender — Not Specified
  • Status — Participants drawn from sub-samples of adolescents who participated in one of four different randomly controlled trials, each of which had A-CRA based conditions: (1) the completed Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study (n = 97, Dennis et al, 2004, described above); (2) the Assertive Continuing Care (ACC-1) study (n = 102); (3) a second Assertive Continuing Care (ACC-2) study (n = 149), and (4) the Adolescent Outpatient and Continuing Care Study (AOCCS) (n = 51).

Location / Institution: CYT study: Farmington, CT/University of Connecticut Health Center, Madison County, IL/Chestnut Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA/Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and St. Petersburg, FL/Operation PAR. ACC-1 study: Central IL; ACC-2 study: Unknown; AOCCS: Unknown.

Summary: (To include comparison groups, outcomes, measures, notable limitations)
Data from 399 adolescents who participated in one of four randomly controlled trials of the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) intervention were used to examine the extent to which exposure to A-CRA procedures, as measured by the A-CRA Exposure Scale (AES), mediated the relationship between treatment retention and outcomes. Treatment retention is defined by the total number of A-CRA sessions that were delivered to adolescents or caregivers as part of their planned treatment intervention. While zero-order correlations indicated that retention in treatment was a significant predictor of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, this relationship was found to be non-significant when exposure to A-CRA procedures was included in the model. Overall, the final model showed a good fit and explained 29% and 43% of the variance in adolescents’ post-treatment AOD use and AOD-related problems, respectively. Results established the presence of a significant relationship between retention and the hypothesized mediator (i.e., AES); in other words, exposure to A-CRA procedures was greater among adolescents who attended more sessions. Additionally, adolescents who were exposed to 12 or more A-CRA procedures were significantly more likely to be in recovery at follow-up (55% vs. 35%). One limitation of this study was that data were primarily based upon self-report by therapists; however, there was generally high agreement between procedures reported by therapists and those reported by model experts. Another notable limitation was that, across all studies, outcome data were only available for 6 months after initiation of intervention, limiting the ability to examine relationships with longer-term outcomes.

Length of post-intervention follow-up: 3 months.

Godley, S. H., Hedges, K., & Hunter, B. (2011). Gender and racial differences in treatment process and outcome among participants in the adolescent community reinforcement approach. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 143-154.

Type of Study: Multisite pretest-posttest design
Number of Participants: 1,819

Population:

  • Age range — 10 to 18 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 33% Caucasian, 32% Hispanic, 15% African American, 15% Multiracial, 2% Native American/Alaska Native, 2% Asian, and 1% Other
  • Gender — 73% Male and 27% Female
  • Status — Participants were adolescents enrolled in outpatient substance abuse treatment programs.

Location / Institution: 27 sites across the U.S.

Summary: (To include comparison groups, outcomes, measures, notable limitations)
The study examined whether initiation, engagement, dosage, treatment satisfaction, or outcomes for adolescents who received the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) in a large implementation effort were equivalent by gender or racial group. Participants were assessed at intake and at 3 and 6-month follow-ups using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) and the Treatment Satisfaction Scale (TxSS). Results indicated that nearly all adolescents in the sample reported being satisfied with treatment; however, male adolescents had significantly higher rates of treatment satisfaction than female adolescents, and African American adolescents had significantly higher rates of treatment satisfaction than Caucasian adolescents. All racial groups had significant increases in days abstinent from alcohol and other drugs and in the percentage in recovery across the measurement period, but did not differ from one another at the six-month follow-up. Female adolescents had a higher percentage of days abstinent from alcohol and other drugs and were more likely to be in recovery at the six-month follow-up than male adolescents. Major study limitations included a limited post-intervention follow-up, no control group, high dropout rate for study participants, and minimal ethnic representation among Asians and Native Americans.

Length of post-intervention follow-up: 6 months.

References

Godley, S. H., Garner, B. R., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (2011). A large-scale dissemination and implementation model for evidence-based treatment and continuing care. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 67-83.

Godley, S. H., Meyers, R. J., Smith, J. E., Godley, M. D., Titus, J. C., Karvinen, T., Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) for adolescent cannabis users (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Manual Series, Volume 4). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from www.chestnut.org/li/cyt/products/acra_cyt_v4.pdf.

Godley, S. H., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (2009). Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach. In D. W. Springer & A. Rubin (eds.), Substance abuse treatment for youth and adults: Clinician’s guide to evidence-based practice (pp. 109-201). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Contact Information

Name: Susan H. Godley, PhD
Agency/Affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems
Website: www.chestnut.org/li/acra-acc
Email:
Phone: (309) 451-7802
Fax: (309) 451-7761

Date Reviewed: June 2011 (originally reviewed in April 2010)