Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Chamberlin, R., & Tatelbaum, R. (1986). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 78(1), 65-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2425334/

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 400

Population:

• Age — 47% younger than 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 89% Caucasian
• Gender — 100% Female
• Status — Participants were determined at intake to have at least one risk factor: mother less than 19 years old, single parent status, or low socioeconomic status.

Location/Institution: Elmira, New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to test a program of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses as a method of preventing a wide range of health and developmental problems in children born to primiparas who were either teenagers, unmarried, or of low socioeconomic status. Volunteers and women recruited due to a risk factor were randomly assigned to one of conditions described below: 1) Sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months only (control group); 2) Free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; 3) Nurse home visitation during pregnancy only, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; or 4) Nurse home visits until the child was 2 years old in addition to nurse home visitation during pregnancy, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months [now called Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)]. Measures included medical examinations and developmental testing using the Bayley and Cattell Scales at 6, 12, and 24 months, and home observation using the Caldwell and Bradley Procedure. The list of participants was also checked against verified cases of abuse and neglect and medical records were examined. Among women at highest risk, those visited by a nurse had fewer reports of child abuse and neglect; were observed to restrict and punish children less frequently; provided more appropriate play materials; and had fewer emergency room visits. In the second year, all nurse-visited women, regardless of risk status, had fewer emergency room visits and fewer physician visits for accidents and poisoning. Limitations include generalizability due to gender and ethnicity and lack of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: Not specified.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., & Kitzman, H. (1994). Does prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation have enduring effects on qualities of parental caregiving and child health at 25 to 50 months of life? Pediatrics, 93(1), 89-98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8265329/

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 316

Population:

• Age — 47% younger than 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 89% Caucasian
• Gender — 100% Female
• Status — Participants were determined at intake to have at least one risk factor: mother less than 19 years of age, single parent status, or low socioeconomic status.

Location/Institution: Elmira, New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
This study used the same sample as Olds et al. (1986). The purpose of the study was to examine, during the 3rd and 4th years of life, the health, development, rates of child maltreatment, and living conditions of children who had been enrolled in a randomized trial of nurse home visitation during pregnancy and first 2 years of their lives. Volunteers and women recruited due to a risk factor were randomly assigned to one of conditions described below: 1) Sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months only (control group); 2) Free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; 3) Nurse home visitation during pregnancy only, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; or 4) Nurse home visits until the child was 2 years old in addition to nurse home visitation during pregnancy, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months [now called Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)]. Measures utilized include the Caldwell and Bradley Home Inventory and the Stanford Binet test of intelligence, Additionally, home visitors observed mothers' interactions with their children, assessed exposure to hazards and presence and accessibility of poisonous substances in the home. Pediatric and hospital records, as well as Child Protection Service records were also reviewed. No treatment differences were found for child abuse, neglect, or in intellectual functioning. Children in the nurse-visited condition had fewer hazards in the home, fewer injuries and ingestions, and fewer behavioral and parental coping problems noted on medical records. Nurse visited mothers showed higher levels of punishment and restriction, but the authors suggest that their analysis shows this level was associated with the lower instance of injuries and ingestions for the treatment group. Limitations include generalizability due to gender and race and high attrition rate.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 2 years.

Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., Sidora, K., Morris, P., Pettitt, L. M., & Luckey, D. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 637-643. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550080047038

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 324

Population:

• Age — 47% younger than 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 89% Caucasian
• Gender — 100% Female
• Status — Participants were determined at intake to have at least one risk factor: mother less than 19 years of age, single parent status, or low socioeconomic status.

Location/Institution: Elmira, New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
This study used the same sample as Olds et al. (1986) and Olds et al. (1994). The purpose of the study was to examine the long-term effects of a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses on women's life course and child abuse and neglect. Volunteers and women recruited due to a risk factor were randomly assigned to one of conditions described below: 1) Sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months only (control group); 2) Free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; 3) Nurse home visitation during pregnancy only, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; or 4) Nurse home visits until the child was 2 years old in addition to nurse home visitation during pregnancy, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months [now called Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)]. Assessments at this follow-up included behavioral impairments due to drug or alcohol use, use of welfare, and reviews of Child Protective Services and New York State criminal justice records. Women visited by nurses were less likely to be perpetrators of child abuse and neglect, and had fewer arrests, convictions, and number of days jailed. Limitations include generalizability due to gender and ethnicity and high attrition rate.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 13 years.

Eckenrode, J., Ganzel, B., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Smith, E., Olds, D. L., Powers, J., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., & Sidora, K. (2000). Preventing child abuse and neglect with a program of nurse home visitation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(11), 1385-1391. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.11.1385

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 324

Population:

• Age — 47% younger than 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 89% Caucasian
• Gender — 100% Female
• Status — Participants were mothers determined at intake to have at least one risk factor: mother less than 19 years of age, single parent status, or low socioeconomic status.

Location/Institution: Semirural community in New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
This study used the same sample as Olds et al. (1986, 1994, 1997, and 1998). The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the presence of domestic violence limits the effects of nurse home visitation interventions in reducing substantiated reports of child abuse and neglect. Volunteers and women recruited due to a risk factor were randomly assigned to one of conditions described below: 1) Sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months only (control group); 2) Free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; 3) Nurse home visitation during pregnancy only, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months; or 4) Nurse home visits until the child was 2 years old in addition to nurse home visitation during pregnancy, free transportation to regular prenatal and perinatal visits, and sensory and developmental screening at 12 and 24 months [now called Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)]. Mothers were interviewed at 15 years, using a life history calendar designed to help them recall major life events. They also estimated how many months they received Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Medicaid, or food stamps. Mothers reported incidents of domestic violence using the Conflict Tactics Scale and provided consent for researchers to review CPS records. Families receiving nurse visitation during pregnancy and infancy had fewer child maltreatment reports involving mother as perpetrator and study child as victim. The treatment effect decreased as level of overall domestic violence increased. Limitations include the presence of domestic violence which may limit the effectiveness of early visitation interventions, high attrition rate, and generalizability due to ethnicity and gender.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 13 years.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., Isacks, K., Sheff, K., & Henderson, C. R. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114, 1560-1568. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0961

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 635

Population:

• Age — Parents: Mean=19.8 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 45% Mexican American, 35% White non-Mexican American, 15% Black, and 3% American Indian/Asian
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were recruited from clinics serving low income women who had no previous live births and either qualified for Medicaid or had no private health insurance.

Location/Institution: Denver, Colorado

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses when the child turned 2 years old through age 4 years. Women were assigned to one of three conditions: developmental screening and referral at 6, 12, 15, 21, and 24 months; the above screenings plus home visitation by a paraprofessional during pregnancy and the first 2 years of the child's life; and equivalent services with home visitations conducted by a nurse [now called Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)]. Paraprofessionals were limited to those who had a high school education and no Bachelor's degree or coursework in a helping profession, in order to gauge the viability of using this type of worker in home visiting in comparison with nurses. Assessed at the two-year follow-up were maternal reports of subsequent pregnancies, education and work histories, marriage, cohabitation, domestic violence, mental health, substance use, and sense of mastery. Mother-child interaction and the home environment were observed. Children were assessed for language and executive functioning, and mothers reported on children's externalizing behavior problems. Women visited by paraprofessionals were less likely to be married or live with the biological father of the child but worked more and had better mental health and sense of mastery. Children visited by paraprofessionals displayed greater sensitivity and responsiveness and had home environments supportive of early learning. Nurse-visited women had greater intervals between 1st and 2nd children, experienced less domestic violence, and enrolled their children less in formal daycare or preschool. Nurse-visited children had better home environments, better language and executive functioning skills, and better behavioral adaptation during testing. Limitations include higher study attrition among nurse-visited women and reliability on self-reported measures.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 2 years.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Holmberg, J., Tutt, R. A., Stevenson, A. J., & Bondy, J. (2007). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age 9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 120(4), e832-e845. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2111

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 743

Population:

• Age — Parents: 64% younger than 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 92% Black
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were actively recruited if they had at least two of the following risk factors: unmarried, less than 12 years of education, or unemployed.

Location/Institution: Memphis, Tennessee

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to test the effect of prenatal and infancy home visits by nurses on mothers' fertility and children's functioning 7 years after the program ended when the child turned 2 years old. Women were randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions: free transportation to scheduled prenatal visits only; transportation plus developmental screening and referrals at 6, 12, and 24 months; the above services plus intensive prenatal home visiting services; and the above plus continuing nurse visitation through 24 months [now called Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)]. Mothers were assessed at baseline on a created variable called psychological resources, comprised of intelligence, mental health, self-efficacy, and sense of mastery. By the time the child was 9 years old, women visited by a nurse had fewer births and longer intervals between children, used welfare and food stamps for fewer months, and had longer relationships with current partners. Researchers matched participants with the National Death Index. Of the 10 children found to have died, control group children were 4.46 times more likely to have died before the 9-year follow-up and more likely to have died by preventable causes (e.g., sudden infant death syndrome). Limitations include reliability of self-reported measures, program impact on childhood mortality does not reach conventional levels of statistical significance, and generalizability due to ethnicity.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 7 years.

Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Anson, E., Lorber, M., Cole, R., Olds, D., & Kitzman, H. (2010). Differential effects of a nurse home-visiting intervention on physically aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 25, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2008.07.011

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 721

Population:

• Age — Parents: Mean=18.1 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 89–92% African American
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were actively recruited if they had at least two of the following risk factors: unmarried, less than 12 years of education, or unemployed.

Location/Institution: Memphis, Tennessee

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine the differential effects of nurse home visiting (NV) on physical aggression (PA) among children aged 2-12 years. In the original study, mothers were randomized to Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) or one of 3 other conditions. The present study evaluated the long-term effects of the NFP program on physical aggression and verbal ability in girls and boys. Results at 12-year follow-up indicated that there were significant reductions in physical aggression observed among girls in the intervention group at 2 years old and intervention group children of high-psychological-resource mothers at 6 and 12 years old. Mediation analyses suggest that reductions in physical aggression yield increased verbal ability among girls. Limitations include reliability of self-reported measures, program impact on childhood mortality does not reach conventional levels of statistical significance, and generalizability due to ethnicity.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 4 and 10 years.

Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Powers, J., & Olds, D. (2010). Long-term effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the life course of youths: 19 year follow-up of a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.240

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 310

Population:

• Age — Children: 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Children: 78% Caucasian and 22% Other
• Gender — Children: 53% Female and 47% Male
• Status — Participants were youths whose mothers participated in the Olds et al. (1986) sample.

Location/Institution: Semi-rural country in New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation [now called Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)] on the life course development of 19-year-old youths whose mothers participated in the program. In the original study, mothers were randomized to one of four treatment conditions. Measures utilized include youth's histories of arrests, convictions, delinquent and criminal behavior, use of substances, educational achievement, pregnancies, births, and use of welfare. Results indicate that youths whose mothers participated in either of the two treatment groups were less likely to have ever been arrested or convicted than were those in the comparison group. Girls in the nurse-visited group also had fewer lifetime arrests and convictions than did those in the comparison group. Girls in the nurse-visited group born to high-risk (unmarried and low-income) mothers had fewer children and were less likely to have received Medicaid than were high-risk girls in the comparison group. The major study limitation was the reliance on youth self-report as the only outcome measure and lack of racial diversity.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 17 years.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Knudtson, M. D., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., & Cole, R. (2014). Effect of home visiting by nurses on maternal and child mortality: Results of a 2-decade follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(9), 800-806. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.472

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 1138

Population:

• Age — Parents: 64.1% 18 years and younger
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 92.1% African American
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were women from a clinic serving low-income populations.

Location/Institution: Memphis, Tennessee

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
This study attempted to determine the effect of prenatal and infant/toddler nurse home visiting [now called Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)] on maternal and child mortality during a 2-decade period (1990-2011). Measures utilized include the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Results indicate during the 2-decade period following registration in this trial, women enrolled in the 2 nurse-visited groups were less likely to have died than women assigned to the control group, and by age 20 years, children whose mothers received home visits during pregnancy and through when the child turned 2 years old were less likely to have died from preventable causes compared with their counterparts in the control group. Limitations include sparseness of the data and limited sample size for a study of mortality.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 18 years.

Robling, M., Bekkers, M., Bell, K., Butler, C. C., Cannings-John, R., Channon, S., Corbacho Martin, B., Gregory, J. W., Hood, K., Kemp, A., Kenkre, J., Montgomery, A. A., Moody, G., Owen-Jones, E., Pickett, K., Richardson, G., Roberts, Z. E. S., Ronaldson, S., Sanders, J., Stamuli, E., & Torgerson, D. (2016). Effectiveness of a nurse-led intensive home-visitation programme for first-time teenage mothers (building blocks): A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 387(10014), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00392-X

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 1,645

Population:

• Age — Parents: 19 years and younger (Mean=17.9 years)
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 88% White, 5-6% Mixed, 4-5% Black, 1-2% Asian, and
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were women who were eligible to receive publicly funded health and social care.

Location/Institution: England

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of The Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) [now called Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)] in a population of teenage first-time mothers on infant and maternal outcomes up to 24 months after birth. Women were randomly assigned to FNP or usual care, with randomization stratified by site and minimized by gestation, smoking, and preferred language of data collection and weighted towards minimizing the imbalance in trial groups. Measures utilized include outcome data on birth weight, emergency department attendances and admissions, and second pregnancies; as well as, self-reported measures of tobacco use and from urine samples. Results indicate no evidence of benefit from FNP for smoking cessation, birth weight, rates of second pregnancies, and emergency hospital visits for the child. Limitations include minor adaptations were made for implementation in a UK setting and it was delivered in a substantially different publicly funded and configured healthcare system than the previous studies in the U.S., which may have impacted the services received by the usual care group.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Enoch, M.-A., Kitzman, H., Smith, J. A., Anson, E., Hodgkinson, C. A., Goldman, D., & Olds, D. L. (2016). A prospective cohort study of influences on externalizing behaviors across childhood: Results from a nurse home visiting randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(5), 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.02.007

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 600

Population:

• Age — Parents: Mean=18.1 years; Children: Not specified
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 76–78% African Ancestry; Children: Not specified
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female; Children: Not specified
• Status — Participants were mothers and their first-born children.

Location/Institution: Memphis, Tennessee

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to investigate genetic and environmental influences on behavior in a cohort of 600 children followed prenatally to 18 years whose mothers participated in a nurse home visiting program (NHV, now called Nurse-Family Partnership [NFP]). Measures utilized include the 38-item Rand Mental Health Battery, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Pearlin Mastery Scale, and the Substance Abuse Module (SAM) of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results indicate that behaviors at younger ages strongly predicted later behaviors. Children whose mothers had high self-efficacy and had received NHV were better behaved at age 2 years. Poorer maternal mental health adversely influenced externalizing disorders (ED) up to 12 years, but at age 18 years, maternal mastery exerted a strong, positive effect. Maternal smoking was associated with worse ED at 6 and 18 years. Main and interactive effects of genetic polymorphisms varied across childhood. Limitations include there was a degree of attrition from baseline, child behavior was assessed only by mothers, and, other than smoking and alcohol/drug use, the maternal measures were obtained only during pregnancy.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 2, 6, 12, and 18 years.

Eckenrode, J., Campa, M. I., Morris, P. A., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Bolger, K. E., Kitzman, H., & Olds, D. L. (2017). The prevention of child maltreatment through the Nurse Family Partnership program: Mediating effects in a long-term follow-up study. Child Maltreatment, 22(2), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516685185

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 400

Population:

• Age — Parents: 47% younger than 19 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 89% Caucasian
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were determined at intake to have at least one risk factor: mother less than 19 years old, single parent status, or low socioeconomic status.

Location/Institution: Elmira, New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
This study used the same sample as Olds et al. (1986). The purpose of the study was to examine maternal life-course mediators of the impact of the Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) program on reducing child maltreatment among participants in the Elmira trial from the first child's birth through age 15. Measures utilized include CPS records, and as potential mediators, months on public assistance and number of subsequent children. Results indicate for women having experienced low to moderate levels of domestic violence, program effects on the number of confirmed maltreatment reports were mediated by reductions in numbers of subsequent children born to mothers and their reported use of public assistance. Together, the two mediators explained nearly one half of the total effect of nurse home visiting on child maltreatment. The long-term success of this program on reducing child maltreatment can be explained, at least in part, by its positive effect on pregnancy planning and economic self-sufficiency. Limitations include the differences observed in child maltreatment may have been caused by additional mediators that were not measured in this study; the contemporaneous nature of the measurement of child maltreatment and maternal life-course outcomes does not allow a definitive conclusion in the direction of the relation between these outcomes; the subsample employed was restricted to women reporting low to moderate levels of domestic violence, which was most of the women in the trial; and the external validity of our findings may be affected by the fact that the intervention occurred over 30 years ago.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 13 years.

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Knudtson, M. D., Cole, R., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., Fishbein, D., DiClemente, R., Wingood, G., Caliendo, A. M., Hopfer, C., Miller, T., & Conti, G. (2019). Prenatal and infancy nurse home visiting and 18-year outcomes of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 144(6), Article e20183876. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3876

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 742

Population:

• Age — Parents: 64% less than 18 years old
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 92% African American
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were pregnant, low-income women with no previous live births.

Location/Institution: A public system of obstetric and pediatric care in Memphis, Tennessee

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
This study uses a subset of data from the 1997 Memphis, Tennessee, trial. The purpose of the study was to examine whether the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) program would improve 18-year-old first-born youths' cognition, academic achievement, and behavior and whether effects on cognitive related outcomes would be greater for youth born to mothers with limited psychological resources (LPR) and on arrests and convictions among females. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either free transportation for prenatal care plus child development screening and referral (control; n=514) or prenatal and infant home nurse visit (NV) (now called Nurse-Family Partnership [NFP]) plus transportation and screening (n=228). Measures utilized include the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test 2, the Youth Self Report (YSR), the Drug Use Screening Inventory (Adolescent Version), and the Composite International Disease Interview, Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). Results indicate that compared with control-group counterparts, NV youth born to mothers with limited psychological resources (LPR) had better receptive language, math achievement, and a number of secondary cognitive-related outcomes. NV females, as a trend, had fewer convictions. There were no intervention effects on other behaviors. Limitations include nearly all behavioral health findings were based on self-report, the age range for completing 18-year assessments was larger than anticipated, and the number of outcomes analyzed raises challenges with multiple comparisons.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 16 years.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., Knudtson, M. D., Miller, T., Cole, R., Hopfer, C., & Conti, G. (2019). Prenatal and infancy nurse home visiting effects on mothers: 18-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 144(6), Article e20183889. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3889

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 742

Population:

• Age — Parents: 64% less than 18 years old
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 92% African American
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were pregnant, low-income women with no previous live births.

Location/Institution: A public system of obstetric and pediatric care in Memphis, Tennessee

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of this study was to compare the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) program with a control-group of women for public-benefit costs, rates of substance abuse and depression, and examine possible mediators of intervention effects. Measures utilized include the Composite International Disease Interview, Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM), the Beck Depression Screening Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Screening Inventory. Results indicate nurse-visited women (NFP) incurred less in public benefit costs; an effect more pronounced for women with higher psychological resources. There were no program effects on substance abuse or depression. Nurse-visited women were more likely to be married from when the child turned 2 years old through 18, and those with higher psychological resources had fewer cumulative years rearing subsequent children after the birth of the first child. Pregnancy planning was a significant mediator of program effects on public benefit costs. Limitations include maternal substance use and abuse being evaluated by self-report, the rate of depression may underestimate its prevalence, given low rates of major depressive disorder reported by African American survey respondents compared with non-Hispanic white respondents, as well as the way Medicaid cost was calculated assumed that all children lived with very-low-income families living in impoverished communities.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 16 years.

Lorber, M. F., Olds, D. L., & Donelan-McCall, N. (2019). The impact of a preventive intervention on persistent, cross-situational early onset externalizing problems. Prevention Science, 20, 684-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0973-7

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 735

Population:

• Age — Parents: Mean=19.8 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 49% Latino, 36% European American and 16% African American
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were women who were pregnant with their first child who qualified for Medicaid or did not have private insurance.

Location/Institution: Denver, Colorado

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study is to describe the results of new analyses of additional waves of assessment in the Denver trial, conducted to determine if the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) home visiting program prevents persistent early onset externalizing problems (EXT) exhibited at both school and home. Measures utilized include the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher Report Form, the Shipley-Hartford IQ scale, the RAND mental health assessment, and the Pearlin and Schooler's sense of mastery measure. Results indicate through latent profile analyses, the presence of persistent, cross-situational early onset EXT in approximately 6 to 7% of girls and boys. The intervention deflected girls away from these EXT and toward a pattern marked by a persistent moderate elevation of externalizing behavior that was evident at home and not at school. The intervention also moved girls away from stable low level externalizing behavior toward the moderately elevated pattern. Both of the significant effects on girls' externalizing behavior were modest. No statistically significant effects were found for boys' externalizing behaviors. Limitations include limited statistical power, an increasing rate of missing data over time, and reliance on maternal report of externalizing behavior before age 6.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 2, 4, 6, and 9 years.

Jack, S. M., Boyle, M., McKee, C., Ford-Gilboe, M., Wathen, C. N., Scribano, P., Davidov, D., McHaughton, D., O'Brien, R., Johnston, C., Gasbarro, M., Tanaka M., Kimber, M., Coben, J., Olds, D. L., & MacMillan, H. L. (2019). Effect of addition of an intimate partner violence intervention to a nurse home visitation program on maternal quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(16), 1576-1585. https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.3211

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 492

Population:

• Age — Parents: 16 years or older (Mean=20.3 years)
• Race/Ethnicity — Parents: 57-69% White, 42-62% Hispanic/Latina, 16-28% Black or African American, 6-9% Declined to Self-Identify, 5-6% Multirace, 1-2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0-1% Asian, and 0-4% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander
• Gender — Parents: 100% Female
• Status — Participants were socially disadvantaged pregnant women participating in a 2.5-year nurse home visitation program.

Location/Institution: Eight states throughout the United States

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on maternal quality of life of a nurse home visitation program, Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), augmented by an IPV intervention compared with the NFP program alone. Measures utilized include the WHOQOL-BREF, the Composite Abuse Scale, SPAN (Startle, Physiological Arousal, Anger, and Numbness), Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire, TWEAK (Tolerance/Worry About Drinking/Eye-Opener/Amnesia/C[K]ut Down on Drinking), Drug Abuse Severity Test, and the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (physical and mental health), version 2. Results indicate that among pregnant women experiencing social and economic disadvantage and preparing to parent for the first time, augmentation of a nurse home visitation program with a comprehensive IPV intervention, compared with the home visitation program alone, did not significantly improve quality of life at 24 months after delivery. These findings do not support the use of this intervention. Limitations include it was not possible to make previous IPV exposure an eligibility criterion; only 36% of women deemed eligible for the study enrolled in the trial, and a low level of fidelity to the intervention.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.