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Definition

Teen Pregnancy Services are defined by the CEBC as services that are designed to support pregnant and parenting adolescents in the child welfare system or to prevent teen pregnancy in this high-risk population. The topic area consists of a range of services that includes preventive reproductive health services, pregnancy and prenatal services, and parenting and postpartum services appropriate for foster youth. Studies have shown that adolescent girls in foster care are more than twice as likely as their peers not in foster care to become pregnant by age 19, and half of 21-year-old men aging out of foster care report they had gotten someone pregnant, compared to 19 percent of their peers who were not in the system. In addition, the children born to teen mothers are at elevated risk for participating in the foster care system. Pregnant and parenting foster youth are challenged by the importance of maintaining a safe prenatal environment, learning the skills to effectively meet the physical needs of a newborn, learning how to avoid a subsequent closely spaced pregnancy, and learning how to be a responsive, safe, and nurturing parent. In addition, caregivers of pregnant and parenting foster youth may need assistance with clarifying their role and help in providing support to their youth as the youth develop parenting skills.

  • Target population: Adolescents in the child welfare system, including pregnant or parenting youth
  • Services/types that fit: Physical and mental health services, case management, assessment, and support services
  • Delivered by: Child welfare workers, mental health professionals, or trained paraprofessionals
  • In order to be included: Program must specifically target the prevention of teen pregnancy or provide services for pregnant and parenting teens
  • In order to be rated: There must be research evidence (as specified by the Scientific Rating Scale) that examines outcomes of the services, such as reductions in teen pregnancy, an increase in time between repeat pregnancies, or improved well-being for the parent or child

Downloadable Topic Area Summary

Definition

Teen Pregnancy Services are defined by the CEBC as services that are designed to support pregnant and parenting adolescents in the child welfare system or to prevent teen pregnancy in this high-risk population. The topic area consists of a range of services that includes preventive reproductive health services, pregnancy and prenatal services, and parenting and postpartum services appropriate for foster youth. Studies have shown that adolescent girls in foster care are more than twice as likely as their peers not in foster care to become pregnant by age 19, and half of 21-year-old men aging out of foster care report they had gotten someone pregnant, compared to 19 percent of their peers who were not in the system. In addition, the children born to teen mothers are at elevated risk for participating in the foster care system. Pregnant and parenting foster youth are challenged by the importance of maintaining a safe prenatal environment, learning the skills to effectively meet the physical needs of a newborn, learning how to avoid a subsequent closely spaced pregnancy, and learning how to be a responsive, safe, and nurturing parent. In addition, caregivers of pregnant and parenting foster youth may need assistance with clarifying their role and help in providing support to their youth as the youth develop parenting skills.

  • Target population: Adolescents in the child welfare system, including pregnant or parenting youth
  • Services/types that fit: Physical and mental health services, case management, assessment, and support services
  • Delivered by: Child welfare workers, mental health professionals, or trained paraprofessionals
  • In order to be included: Program must specifically target the prevention of teen pregnancy or provide services for pregnant and parenting teens
  • In order to be rated: There must be research evidence (as specified by the Scientific Rating Scale) that examines outcomes of the services, such as reductions in teen pregnancy, an increase in time between repeat pregnancies, or improved well-being for the parent or child

Downloadable Topic Area Summary

Why was this topic chosen by the Advisory Committee?

The Teen Pregnancy Services topic area is relevant to child welfare because child welfare programs should be aware of research evidence for programs that can help prevent teen pregnancy in foster youth and enhance opportunities for foster youth who become parents. When teens in foster care become pregnant or become parents, the child welfare system must take responsibility for these youth and ensure that they understand the importance of maintaining their health, continuing their education, and effectively parenting their children, as well as, managing their relationships, including the other parent of the child and the important adults in their life. It is a complex situation requiring skills and interventions important to the welfare of at least two minors.

Danna Fabella, MSW
Linkages Project Director
Child and Family Policy Institute of California
Sacramento, CA

Why was this topic chosen by the Advisory Committee?

The Teen Pregnancy Services topic area is relevant to child welfare because child welfare programs should be aware of research evidence for programs that can help prevent teen pregnancy in foster youth and enhance opportunities for foster youth who become parents. When teens in foster care become pregnant or become parents, the child welfare system must take responsibility for these youth and ensure that they understand the importance of maintaining their health, continuing their education, and effectively parenting their children, as well as, managing their relationships, including the other parent of the child and the important adults in their life. It is a complex situation requiring skills and interventions important to the welfare of at least two minors.

Danna Fabella, MSW
Linkages Project Director
Child and Family Policy Institute of California
Sacramento, CA

Topic Expert

The Teen Pregnancy Services topic area was added in 2013. Richard P. Barth, PhD was the topic expert and was involved in identifying and rating any of the programs with an original load date in 2013 (as found on the bottom of the program's page on the CEBC) or others loaded earlier and added to this topic area when it launched. The topic area has grown over the years and any programs added since 2013 were identified by CEBC staff, the Scientific Panel, and/or the Advisory Committee. For these programs, Dr. Barth was not involved in identifying or rating them.

Topic Expert

The Teen Pregnancy Services topic area was added in 2013. Richard P. Barth, PhD was the topic expert and was involved in identifying and rating any of the programs with an original load date in 2013 (as found on the bottom of the program's page on the CEBC) or others loaded earlier and added to this topic area when it launched. The topic area has grown over the years and any programs added since 2013 were identified by CEBC staff, the Scientific Panel, and/or the Advisory Committee. For these programs, Dr. Barth was not involved in identifying or rating them.

Programs

Nurse-Family Partnership

Nurse-Family Partnership® (NFP) is an intensive, strengths-based, trauma- and violence-informed community health program whose goals are to improve the health and lives of first-time moms and their children living in poverty. Specially trained registered nurses regularly visit first-time moms-to-be (adolescents and adults), starting early in pregnancy and continuing through children's second birthday. NFP nurses aim to leverage their clinical expertise in applying behavior change and human ecology theories to deliver this client-centered program. Ideally, NFP participants develop close relationships with their nurse. It is hoped that the nurse becomes a trusted resource for advice on everything from safely caring for their child to taking steps to provide a stable, secure future for their family. In addition to living in poverty, NFP moms also often are experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness; addiction or substance misuse; involvement with child welfare or juvenile or criminal justice systems; intimate partner violence; severe developmental disabilities; behavioral or mental health needs; or a high-risk pregnancy.

Scientific Rating 1

Wyman’s Teen Outreach Program®

The Wyman's Teen Outreach Program® (TOP®) promotes the positive development of adolescents through curriculum-guided, interactive group discussions; positive adult guidance and support; and community service learning. TOP® is focused on key topics related to adolescent health and development, including building social, emotional, and life skills; developing a positive sense of self; and connecting with others. Specific curriculum lesson topics include health and wellness (including sexuality), emotion management, and self-understanding among many others. In addition, the development of supportive relationships with adult facilitators is a crucial part of the model, as are relationships with other peers in the program.TOP® has been adapted to fit the needs of special populations, including youth in foster care, justice involved youth, and LGBTQ youth. Any adaptations need Wyman's prior approval which can be requested through the program representative whose contact information is located at the end of this entry. Please note, the adapted versions have not been reviewed or rated by the CEBC.

Scientific Rating 2

Adolescent Parenting Program

APP provides support to first-time pregnant and parenting teens through intensive home visiting and peer group education. Each APP serves a caseload of 15-25 teens that may enter the program at any time during their pregnancy or after their child's birth. Participants in the program receive monthly home visits using either the Partners for a Healthy Baby or Parents as Teachers home-visiting curriculum, along with 24 hours of prescriptive group education with their peers. Supporting adolescent parents to prevent a repeat pregnancy, complete their high school education, acquire job skills, and improve their parenting skills helps them become self-sufficient and better able to support themselves and their families. It also establishes a strong, stable foundation upon which their child will be raised. By investing in teen parents today, APP strives to protect the future of two generations - the young parents themselves and their babies.

Scientific Rating 3

Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention

The purpose of the CAMI is to increase motivation among adolescent mothers to consistently use condoms and contraception with the long-term goal of reducing rapid repeat births. CAMI consists of 60-minute sessions conducted in two-parts by trained counselors who meet one-on-one with pregnant and/or parenting adolescent mothers, ages 12 through 18 years old. During the first part of each session, participants use the computer-based CAMI program to answer questions about current sexual relationships and contraceptive use intentions and behaviors. Based on the responses generated, CAMI counselors conduct a stage-matched Motivational Interviewing session to enhance participant's motivation to consistently use condoms and contraception in order to reduce the risk for a repeat pregnancy.

Scientific Rating 3

Love Notes 4.0

Love Notes 4.0 builds assets and appeals to young people’s aspirations. It offers young people new conceptual frameworks to help them make informed decisions instead of sliding into unplanned choices that can negatively impact their lives.

Its theory of change hypothesizes that interventions must build young people’s skills for cultivating healthy relationships, selves, and sexual behaviors: planning and pacing relationships and sex, self-efficacy and resilience around relationships, proven communication skills, and understanding the benefits of deciding when it comes to family formation.

In 13 engaging lessons, participants use a strengths-based approach to discover, often for the first time, how to make wise choices about partners, sex, relationships, pregnancy, and more.

Scientific Rating 3

The Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program

CAS-Carrera is designed to develop young people's capacity and desire to avoid parenthood and other risky behaviors during adolescence, and help them break the cycle of poverty and despair affecting their full development. CAS-Carrera uses a holistic, above-the-waist approach to help young people develop ambitious personal goals, improve their sexual literacy, and cultivate aspirations for a productive future. Guided by a philosophy that sees youth as at-promise not at-risk, CAS-Carrera begins working with boys and girls in middle school - at age 10 or 11, and follows them through high school graduation and college admission. The program's logic model centers on the understanding young people prevent teen pregnancy when their future is filled with promise and exciting possibilities.

The CAS-Carrera program model can be implemented in two ways:

  • Offered as a traditional after-school, youth development approach each day (and Saturdays), including a summer program
  • Integrated within a public or charter school day, working with succeeding grades each year until the entire school is receiving the model

Scientific Rating 3

The Family Growth Center

FGC is a community-based family support program designed to reduce repeat pregnancy and school drop-out rates among adolescent mothers. The program aims to provide teen mothers in high-risk neighborhoods with a comprehensive set of educational and support services, offered within family and neighborhood contexts. Young women are recruited for the program by perinatal counselors/coaches when they arrive at participating hospital clinics for prenatal visits. Thereafter, they are offered a range of intervention components, coordinated by case managers at FGC. Program components include home visits, crisis intervention, bimonthly parenting classes, supervised daycare, transportation services, recreational opportunities, and advocacy and referral services.

Scientific Rating 3

Making Proud Choices!

Making Proud Choices! A Safer Sex Approach to STDs, Teen Pregnancy, and HIV Prevention is an eight-module curriculum that is designed to provide young adolescents with the knowledge, confidence, and skills necessary to reduce their risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV, and pregnancy by abstaining from sex or using condoms if they choose to have sex. It is based on cognitive-behavioral theories, focus groups, and experience working with youth. Making Proud Choices! is an adaptation and extension of the original Be Proud! Be Responsible! curriculum in that it integrates STD, HIV, and pregnancy prevention.

The Making Proud Choices! curriculum is designed to not only increase knowledge and perception of personal vulnerability, but also create positive attitudes towards condom use, teach skills, and build confidence in ability to use condoms.

Scientific Rating NR

Reducing the Risk

Reducing the Risk (RTR): Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy, STD & HIV is a 16-session pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention curriculum designed to help high school age youth delay the initiation of sex or increase the use of protection against pregnancy and STD/HIV if they choose to have sex. RTR addresses skills such as risk assessment, communication, decision making, planning, refusal strategies and delay tactics. The program is based upon several interrelated theoretical models: Social Learning Theory, Social Inoculation Theory, and Cognitive-Behavior Theory. The program content strives to be medically accurate, inclusive to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth, and trauma-informed.

Scientific Rating NR

Safer Sex Intervention

The Safer Sex Intervention (SSI) is designed to reduce sexual risk behaviors among young women at risk for adverse reproductive health outcomes. The sexual risk behaviors addressed include having sex without a condom, having sex with a nonmain partner, and having sex without contraception. SSI is administered one-on-one and face-to-face by a female health educator in a clinical setting. The 30- to 50-minute session follows one of two intervention guides, selected based on the young person's stage of behavior change. Booster sessions are offered at 1, 3, and 6 months postintervention.

Scientific Rating NR

Teen Parenting Service Network

The Teen Parenting Service Network (TSPN), a part of UCAN, ensures and manages the quality of service provided to teens/young adult parents who are wards of the State of Illinois and their children. Legislation defines the legal rights and provides for community-based programs and services for all pregnant and parenting teens who are wards of the State, including placements, education, day care, independent living programs, and health care. TPSN monitors and provides programmatic support to case management, placement, and parenting specialty agencies which provide services to this population. Additionally, the network provides an array of supportive and direct services to meet their complex needs.

Scientific Rating NR

Programs

Nurse-Family Partnership

Nurse-Family Partnership® (NFP) is an intensive, strengths-based, trauma- and violence-informed community health program whose goals are to improve the health and lives of first-time moms and their children living in poverty. Specially trained registered nurses regularly visit first-time moms-to-be (adolescents and adults), starting early in pregnancy and continuing through children's second birthday. NFP nurses aim to leverage their clinical expertise in applying behavior change and human ecology theories to deliver this client-centered program. Ideally, NFP participants develop close relationships with their nurse. It is hoped that the nurse becomes a trusted resource for advice on everything from safely caring for their child to taking steps to provide a stable, secure future for their family. In addition to living in poverty, NFP moms also often are experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness; addiction or substance misuse; involvement with child welfare or juvenile or criminal justice systems; intimate partner violence; severe developmental disabilities; behavioral or mental health needs; or a high-risk pregnancy.

Scientific Rating 1

Wyman’s Teen Outreach Program®

The Wyman's Teen Outreach Program® (TOP®) promotes the positive development of adolescents through curriculum-guided, interactive group discussions; positive adult guidance and support; and community service learning. TOP® is focused on key topics related to adolescent health and development, including building social, emotional, and life skills; developing a positive sense of self; and connecting with others. Specific curriculum lesson topics include health and wellness (including sexuality), emotion management, and self-understanding among many others. In addition, the development of supportive relationships with adult facilitators is a crucial part of the model, as are relationships with other peers in the program.TOP® has been adapted to fit the needs of special populations, including youth in foster care, justice involved youth, and LGBTQ youth. Any adaptations need Wyman's prior approval which can be requested through the program representative whose contact information is located at the end of this entry. Please note, the adapted versions have not been reviewed or rated by the CEBC.

Scientific Rating 2

Adolescent Parenting Program

APP provides support to first-time pregnant and parenting teens through intensive home visiting and peer group education. Each APP serves a caseload of 15-25 teens that may enter the program at any time during their pregnancy or after their child's birth. Participants in the program receive monthly home visits using either the Partners for a Healthy Baby or Parents as Teachers home-visiting curriculum, along with 24 hours of prescriptive group education with their peers. Supporting adolescent parents to prevent a repeat pregnancy, complete their high school education, acquire job skills, and improve their parenting skills helps them become self-sufficient and better able to support themselves and their families. It also establishes a strong, stable foundation upon which their child will be raised. By investing in teen parents today, APP strives to protect the future of two generations - the young parents themselves and their babies.

Scientific Rating 3

Computer-Assisted Motivational Intervention

The purpose of the CAMI is to increase motivation among adolescent mothers to consistently use condoms and contraception with the long-term goal of reducing rapid repeat births. CAMI consists of 60-minute sessions conducted in two-parts by trained counselors who meet one-on-one with pregnant and/or parenting adolescent mothers, ages 12 through 18 years old. During the first part of each session, participants use the computer-based CAMI program to answer questions about current sexual relationships and contraceptive use intentions and behaviors. Based on the responses generated, CAMI counselors conduct a stage-matched Motivational Interviewing session to enhance participant's motivation to consistently use condoms and contraception in order to reduce the risk for a repeat pregnancy.

Scientific Rating 3

Love Notes 4.0

Love Notes 4.0 builds assets and appeals to young people’s aspirations. It offers young people new conceptual frameworks to help them make informed decisions instead of sliding into unplanned choices that can negatively impact their lives.

Its theory of change hypothesizes that interventions must build young people’s skills for cultivating healthy relationships, selves, and sexual behaviors: planning and pacing relationships and sex, self-efficacy and resilience around relationships, proven communication skills, and understanding the benefits of deciding when it comes to family formation.

In 13 engaging lessons, participants use a strengths-based approach to discover, often for the first time, how to make wise choices about partners, sex, relationships, pregnancy, and more.

Scientific Rating 3

The Children’s Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program

CAS-Carrera is designed to develop young people's capacity and desire to avoid parenthood and other risky behaviors during adolescence, and help them break the cycle of poverty and despair affecting their full development. CAS-Carrera uses a holistic, above-the-waist approach to help young people develop ambitious personal goals, improve their sexual literacy, and cultivate aspirations for a productive future. Guided by a philosophy that sees youth as at-promise not at-risk, CAS-Carrera begins working with boys and girls in middle school - at age 10 or 11, and follows them through high school graduation and college admission. The program's logic model centers on the understanding young people prevent teen pregnancy when their future is filled with promise and exciting possibilities.

The CAS-Carrera program model can be implemented in two ways:

  • Offered as a traditional after-school, youth development approach each day (and Saturdays), including a summer program
  • Integrated within a public or charter school day, working with succeeding grades each year until the entire school is receiving the model

Scientific Rating 3

The Family Growth Center

FGC is a community-based family support program designed to reduce repeat pregnancy and school drop-out rates among adolescent mothers. The program aims to provide teen mothers in high-risk neighborhoods with a comprehensive set of educational and support services, offered within family and neighborhood contexts. Young women are recruited for the program by perinatal counselors/coaches when they arrive at participating hospital clinics for prenatal visits. Thereafter, they are offered a range of intervention components, coordinated by case managers at FGC. Program components include home visits, crisis intervention, bimonthly parenting classes, supervised daycare, transportation services, recreational opportunities, and advocacy and referral services.

Scientific Rating 3

Making Proud Choices!

Making Proud Choices! A Safer Sex Approach to STDs, Teen Pregnancy, and HIV Prevention is an eight-module curriculum that is designed to provide young adolescents with the knowledge, confidence, and skills necessary to reduce their risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV, and pregnancy by abstaining from sex or using condoms if they choose to have sex. It is based on cognitive-behavioral theories, focus groups, and experience working with youth. Making Proud Choices! is an adaptation and extension of the original Be Proud! Be Responsible! curriculum in that it integrates STD, HIV, and pregnancy prevention.

The Making Proud Choices! curriculum is designed to not only increase knowledge and perception of personal vulnerability, but also create positive attitudes towards condom use, teach skills, and build confidence in ability to use condoms.

Scientific Rating NR

Reducing the Risk

Reducing the Risk (RTR): Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy, STD & HIV is a 16-session pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention curriculum designed to help high school age youth delay the initiation of sex or increase the use of protection against pregnancy and STD/HIV if they choose to have sex. RTR addresses skills such as risk assessment, communication, decision making, planning, refusal strategies and delay tactics. The program is based upon several interrelated theoretical models: Social Learning Theory, Social Inoculation Theory, and Cognitive-Behavior Theory. The program content strives to be medically accurate, inclusive to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth, and trauma-informed.

Scientific Rating NR

Safer Sex Intervention

The Safer Sex Intervention (SSI) is designed to reduce sexual risk behaviors among young women at risk for adverse reproductive health outcomes. The sexual risk behaviors addressed include having sex without a condom, having sex with a nonmain partner, and having sex without contraception. SSI is administered one-on-one and face-to-face by a female health educator in a clinical setting. The 30- to 50-minute session follows one of two intervention guides, selected based on the young person's stage of behavior change. Booster sessions are offered at 1, 3, and 6 months postintervention.

Scientific Rating NR

Teen Parenting Service Network

The Teen Parenting Service Network (TSPN), a part of UCAN, ensures and manages the quality of service provided to teens/young adult parents who are wards of the State of Illinois and their children. Legislation defines the legal rights and provides for community-based programs and services for all pregnant and parenting teens who are wards of the State, including placements, education, day care, independent living programs, and health care. TPSN monitors and provides programmatic support to case management, placement, and parenting specialty agencies which provide services to this population. Additionally, the network provides an array of supportive and direct services to meet their complex needs.

Scientific Rating NR