Parent Training Programs that Address Behavior Problems in Children and Adolescents

Connect: A Trauma-Informed and Attachment-Based Program for Parents and Caregivers is a structured 10-session manualized program delivered in a group format to parents and caregivers of preteens and teens with serious behavioural and internalizing problems. Connect aims to promote parental reflective function, emotion regulation, sensitive care, and parent-child mutuality and cooperation. Sessions introduce attachment principles that specifically focus on adolescence and parenting and include experiential and emotion-focused role-plays and reflection activities. The program integrates a trauma-informed, strength-based, and collaborative approach to promoting the development of new parenting skills and parent-child attachment security. Connect is designed to be delivered by a range of health and education professionals in hospitals, mental health centers, community agencies, and schools. Connect is available in five languages and via virtual program delivery.

The FCU model is a family-centered intervention that promotes positive family management and addresses child and adolescent adjustment problems. The intervention does this through reductions in coercive and negative parenting and increases in positive parenting. The FCU has two phases: 1) An initial assessment and feedback; 2) Parent management training (Everyday Parenting) which focuses on positive behavior support, healthy limit setting, and relationship building. The intervention is tailored to address the specific needs of each child and family and can be integrated into many service settings including public schools; the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program; home visiting; primary health care; and community mental health. The FCU is appropriate for families with children from age 2 through 17 and for prevention and treatment needs. As a health promotion and prevention strategy, the FCU can be brief (2 to 3 sessions).

As a treatment approach, follow-up sessions and services can range from 3 to 15 direct contact hours using the Everyday Parenting Curriculum. Phase 2 follow-up may also include family counseling, individualized services for parent and children, or other support services. Everyday Parenting is a skills-based curriculum designed to support development of positive parenting skills. The curriculum is modular, and sessions can be tailored to the family’s specific needs and readiness based on the Family Check-up Assessment.

GenerationPMTO was formerly known as Parent Management Training - the Oregon Model (PMTO^®). GenerationPMTO (Individual Delivery Format) is a parent training intervention that can be used in family contexts including two biological parents, single-parent, re-partnered, grandparent-led, reunification, adoptive parents, and other primary caregivers. This behavioral family systems intervention can be used as a preventative program and a treatment program. It can be delivered through individual family treatment in agencies or home-based and via telephone/video conference delivery, books, audiotapes and video recordings. GenerationPMTO interventions have been tailored for specific child/youth clinical problems, such as externalizing and internalizing problems, school problems, antisocial behavior, conduct problems, deviant peer association, theft, delinquency, substance abuse, and child neglect and abuse. For the group version of GenerationPMTO, please see Parenting Through Change (PTC; GenerationPMTO Group).

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a dyadic behavioral intervention for children (ages 2.0–7.0 years) and their parents or caregivers that focuses on decreasing externalizing child behavior problems (e.g., defiance, aggression), increasing child social skills and cooperation, and improving the parent-child attachment relationship. It teaches parents traditional play-therapy skills to use as social reinforcers of positive child behavior and traditional behavior management skills to decrease negative child behavior. Parents are taught and practice these skills with their child in a playroom while coached by a therapist. The coaching provides parents with immediate feedback on their use of the new parenting skills, which enables them to apply the skills correctly and master them rapidly. PCIT is time-unlimited; families remain in treatment until parents have demonstrated mastery of the treatment skills and rate their child's behavior as within normal limits on a standardized measure of child behavior. Therefore treatment length varies but averages about 14 weeks, with hour-long weekly sessions.

GenerationPMTO was formerly known as Parent Management Training - the Oregon Model (PMTO®). Parenting Through Change (PTC; GenerationPMTO Group) is a group parenting intervention that addresses child and adolescent behavior problems, including oppositional defiant and conduct problems and associated challenges such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, delinquency, substance use, depression, academic problems, and deviant peer association. Weekly parent group sessions introduce a set of core parenting practices (e.g., skill encouragement, limit setting, monitoring, problem solving, and positive involvement) and supporting practices (e.g., active communication, emotion regulation, and academic promotion). Group facilitators use active teaching skills (e.g., role play, problem solving, and relevant experiential activities) to introduce and practice skills. Parent groups, which are designed for prevention and clinically referred samples, are available in 10, 12, and 14 session formats. The individual family session version of this intervention, GenerationPMTO (Individual Delivery Format), is also rated on the CEBC.

SAAF is a culturally tailored, family-centered intervention program designed to build on the strengths of African American families. The overarching goal of SAAF is to prevent substance abuse and other risky behavior among youth by strengthening positive family interactions, enhancing primary caregivers' efforts to help youth reach positive goals, and preparing youth for their teen years.

For parents, SAAF aims to strengthen parenting practices related to monitoring and supporting youth, articulating parental expectations for alcohol use, communicating with youth about sex, and promoting positive racial socialization. It also works to promote youths' ability to focus on goals for the future, resist involvement in risk behaviors, maintain negative images of risk behaviors and peers who engage in them, and accept parental influences.

Level 4 Triple P is one of the five levels of the Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® System which is also highlighted on the CEBC. Level 4 Triple P helps parents learn strategies that promote social competence and self-regulation in children as well as decrease problem behavior. Parents are encouraged to develop a parenting plan that makes use of a variety of Level 4 Triple P strategies and tools. Parents are then asked to practice their parenting plan with their children. During the course of the program, parents are encouraged to keep track of their children's behavior, as well as their own behavior, and to reflect on what is working with their parenting plan and what is not working so well. They then work with their practitioner to fine tune their plan. Level 4 Triple P practitioners are trained to work with parents' strengths and to provide a supportive, nonjudgmental environment where a parent can continually improve their parenting skills. Level 4 Triple P is offered in several different formats (e.g., individual, group, self-directed, and online). The CEBC evaluated the standard version of Level 4 Triple P as described above and not any other variations (including early teen versions or those for children with developmental delays).

The Chicago Parent Program (CPP) is designed to strengthen parenting confidence and skills and prevent, reduce, and treat behavior problems in children 2-5 years old. Created in collaboration with an advisory board of African American and Hispanic parents raising young children in low-income neighborhoods, CPP is focused on filling a gap in the availability of evidence-based parenting programs that specifically address the needs of diverse populations of families. CPP is implemented in 12 two-hour group sessions facilitated by two trained group leaders using a trauma-informed approach. CPP uses video vignettes depicting parent-child interactions at home and in public (e.g., grocery stores, Laundromats, etc.) to stimulate discussion and problem solving related to managing children’s behavior in challenging situations. Parents are guided in clarifying their goals and tailoring strategies to help meet their goals. In this way, the CPP is designed to be culturally and contextually relevant for a diverse population of families. Sessions focus on building positive relationships with children (e.g., child-centered time, family routines and traditions, praise and encouragement), child behavior management skills (setting clear expectations, following through with consequences, effective discipline strategies), stress management, and problem-solving skills. Following each session, parents complete practice assignments to help them apply the skills they are learning.

Common Sense Parenting® (CSP) is a group-based class for parents comprised of 6 weekly, 2-hour sessions led by a credentialed trainer who focuses on teaching practical skills to increase children's positive behavior, decrease negative behavior, and model appropriate alternative behavior. Each class is formatted to include a review of the prior session, instruction of the new skill, modeled examples, skill practice/feedback, and a summary.

GGC is a designed to help parents develop positive parenting and family management skills. The goal of GGC is to prevent substance abuse and other risky behaviors among teens by improving family communication and family bonding which has been shown to be critically important in reducing or inhibiting adolescent participation in antisocial behaviors.

During the course of GCC, parents learn to set clear family guidelines on drugs, as well as learn and practice skills to strengthen family bonds, help their children develop healthy behaviors, and increase children's involvement in the family.

Hitkashrut, which means "attachment" in Hebrew, is a theory-based, common elements co-parent training program that targets families with children who are showing early signs of conduct problem development. Using a family systems approach, this program aims to motivate children to shift from antisocial to prosocial attitudes by reshaping the parent-child relationship and improving collaboration among parents and between parents and teachers. This program targets callous/unemotional traits and low effortful control, which are indicators of a developmental trajectory toward antisocial or disruptive behaviors. The program involves 14 group sessions facilitated by psychologists that include psychoeducational instruction, group discussions, role plays, and homework assignments. The program's six components are:

• Interaction quality/time
• Parent-child communication skills
• Behavior management
• Discipline skills
• Parent self-regulation capacity
• Couple communication skills

Hitkashrut uses a collaborative model in which both caregivers and teachers are involved in behavior management. This program was designed to be cost-efficient for use with diverse communities. While it is manual-based, it attempts to maximize flexibility and cultural adaptability.

Promoting First Relationships (PFR) is a manualized home visiting intervention/prevention program which includes parent training components based on strengths-based practice, practical, and in-depth strategies for promoting secure and healthy relationships between caregivers and young children (birth to 5 years). Features of PFR include:

• Video recording caregiver–child interactions to provide insight into real-life situations and help the caregiver reflect on the underlying needs of the child and how those needs impact behavior
• Giving positive and instructive feedback that builds caregivers' competence with and commitment to their children
• Focusing on the deeper emotional feelings and needs underlying children's distress and behaviors
• Using handouts and homework to enhance parent insight and learning about child social and emotional development, needs, and concerns

Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® - Level 3 Discussion Group (Level 3 Triple P Discussion Group) is one of the interventions within the Triple P - Positive Parenting Program System which helps parents learn strategies to promote social competence and self-regulation in children as well as decrease problem behavior. Level 3 Triple P Discussion Group offers 4 two-hour groups for parents on specific common behavior concerns. Parents set personal goals, develop their own parenting plans, and learn to use positive parenting strategies to encourage children to learn the skills and competencies they need. Level 3 Triple P Discussion Group is designed as brief, early intervention strategies to be offered by those in a community in regular contact with families of children and may include such settings as health care clinics, schools or early childhood education programs, childcare facilities, community libraries, and/or by other providers in various family-serving community agencies.

Triple P Online is one of the interventions within the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program® System, which is designed to help parents learn strategies to promote social competence and self-regulation in children as well as decrease problem behavior. There are eight (1-hour) online modules that can be completed using a computer, tablet, or smartphone. Parents are guided to apply simple strategies in specific situations to encourage positive behavior and to prevent and respond assertively when problems occur. Triple P Online is interactive and provides videos, activities, and built-in motivational support including reminder emails and in-program encouragement to reinforce skill development and enhance parental engagement and completion. Parents may download their workbook, a variety of parent tipsheets, and other material for future reference.

Triple P Online was adapted from the in-person version of Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® - Level 4 Standard Triple P.

Selected Seminars Triple P is one of the interventions within the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program® System (System Triple P) which is designed to help parents learn strategies to promote social competence and self-regulation in children as well as decrease problem behavior. It involves a series of positive parenting presentations designed to reach a large group of parents (20 to 200). The seminars address common parenting problems and provide parents with suggestions to try at home. Parents are taught how to use positive parenting to encourage children to learn the skills and competencies they need to promote their health, development, and well-being. There are three seminar topics, with each taking around 60 minutes to present, plus 30 minutes for question time. In Seminar 1 – The Power of Positive Parenting – practitioners introduce parents to five key principles of positive parenting. In Seminar 2 – Raising Confident, Competent Children – parents are introduced to six core building blocks that are designed to help children to become confident and successful at school and beyond. Seminar 3 – Raising Resilient Children – introduces six additional core building blocks for parents to use when helping their children to manage their feelings and coping skills. Other Triple P interventions have been rated on the CEBC. Triple P – Positive Parenting Program® – Level 4 (Level 4 Triple P) has been rated a 1 – Well-Supported by Research Evidence CEBC on the CEBC Scientific Rating Scale. Triple P – Positive Parenting Program® – Level 3 Discussion Group, has been rated a 2 – Supported by Research Evidence on the same scale. Triple P – Positive Parenting Program® – Level 3 Primary Care (Level 3 Triple P Primary) has also been rated.

Tuning in to Kids (TIK) is a parenting program that focuses on emotions and is designed to assist parents to establish better relationships with their children. The program teaches parents simple emotion coaching skills - that is how to recognize, understand, and manage their own and their children's emotions. When their children are emotional, parents: notice the emotion, name it, show empathy and then wait for the emotion to subside (often by comforting the child) before trying to talk about the situation leading to the emotional experience and or what to do about it. The program aims to prevent problems developing in children, promote emotional competence in parents and children, and when present, reduce and treat problems with children's emotional and behavioral functioning. Delivery options range from a 6-session program with the general community through to a 10-session program for clinical/high need participants.

Tuning in to Teens (TINT) is a parenting program that focuses on emotions and is designed to assist parents to establish better relationships with their adolescents. TINT is based on the Tuning in to Kids® parenting program. TINT teaches parents emotion coaching skills as well as ways of responding to their young person in a way that helps maintain a connected relationship. When adolescents are emotional, parents learn to notice the emotion, name it, show empathy, and then wait for the emotion to subside before trying to talk about the situation leading to the emotional experience and or what to do about it. The program emphasizes connecting and calming before talking about what to do next: this is critical to the success of this process. The program aims to prevent problems developing in adolescents, promote emotional competence (in parents and youth), and when present, reduce and treat problems with adolescent’s emotional and behavioral functioning. There is a longer version for parents and caregivers of clinical/high need adolescents but it has not been reviewed by the CEBC.

1-2-3 Magic is a group format discipline program for parents of children approximately 2-12 years of age. The program can be used with average or special needs children. 1-2-3 Magic divides the parenting responsibilities into three straightforward tasks: controlling negative behavior, encouraging good behavior, and strengthening the child-parent relationship. The program seeks to encourage gentle, but firm, discipline without arguing, yelling, or spanking.

Active Parenting 4th Edition is a video-based parenting education program targeting parents of children from early childhood through early teens who want to improve their parenting skills and their child's behavior. It is based on the application of Adlerian parenting theory, which includes mutual respect among family members, nonviolent discipline, problem solving, communication skills training, family enrichment, and encouragement.

Active Parenting 4th Edition is conducted in one 2-hour class per week for 6 weeks. The program features a video (either on two DVDs or embedded in a PowerPoint presentation) that contains vignettes of a variety of typical family situations depicted by professional actors. Each scene provides an example of how an autocratic or permissive parenting technique fails to handle a situation and then models the alternative authoritative (or "active") skills. The Leader's Guide aids the leader, a professional facilitator, in organizing the sessions. The guide contains session organizers, questions and answers to help parents process the video, instructions for all group activities, brief explanations to be made by the leader, and home activity assignments. The Parent's Guide and Parent's Workbooks contain all the information covered in Active Parenting 4th Edition, giving parents their first exposure to the information and skills they will be learning. It also includes additional reading material, practice activities, and homework assignments that provide information and opportunities to practice using the skills.

This is one of 3 versions of Active Parenting reviewed and rated on this website (search Active Parenting above). There is also a version of Active Parenting for parents of children under 5 called "Active Parenting First Five Years"; while the program has not yet been reviewed by the CEBC, you can find more information about it at https://activeparenting.com/product-category/for-leaders/parenting-curriculums-for-leaders/ages-0-4-parenting-curriculums-for-leaders/.

Active Parenting of Teens is a video-based parenting education program targeting parents of preteens and teens ages 10-17 who want to improve their parenting skills and their preteens'/teens' behavior. It is based on the application of Adlerian parenting theory, which includes mutual respect among family members, non-violent discipline, problem solving, communication skills training, family enrichment, problem solving, and encouragement.

Active Parenting of Teens is conducted in one 2-hour class per week for 6 weeks. The program features a video that contains vignettes of a variety of typical family situations involving pre-teens and teens depicted by professional actors. Each scene provides an example of how an autocratic or permissive parenting technique fails to handle a situation and then models the alternative authoritative (or "active") skills. The Active Parenting of Teens Leader's Guide aids the leader, a professional facilitator, in organizing the sessions. The guide contains session organizers, questions and answers to help parents process the video, instructions for all group activities, brief explanations to be made by the leader, and home activity assignments. The Active Parenting of Teens Parent's Guide contains all the information covered in Active Parenting of Teens, giving parents their first exposure to the information and skills they will be learning. It also includes additional reading material, practice activities, and homework assignments that provide information and opportunities to practice using the skills.

This is one of 3 versions of Active Parenting reviewed and rated on this website (search Active Parenting above). There is also a version of Active Parenting for parents of children under 5 called "Active Parenting First Five Years"; while the program has not yet been reviewed by the CEBC, you can find more information about it at https://activeparenting.com/product-category/for-leaders/parenting-curriculums-for-leaders/ages-0-4-parenting-curriculums-for-leaders/.

Active Parenting of Teens: Families in Action is a school- and community-based intervention for middle school-aged youth designed to increase protective factors that prevent and reduce alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use; irresponsible sexual behavior; and violence. Family, school, and peer bonding are important objectives. The program includes a parent and teen component. The parent component uses the curriculum from Active Parenting of Teens. This curriculum is based on Adlerian parenting theory, which advocates mutual respect among family members, parental guidance, and use of an authoritative style of parental leadership that facilitates behavioral correction. A teen component was developed to complement the parent component.

Active Parenting of Teens: Families in Action uses a family-systems approach in which families attend sessions and learn skills. Each of the sessions includes time during which parents and youth meet in separate groups and time during which all family members meet together. Modules address parent-child communication, positive behavior management, interpersonal relationships for adolescents, ways for families to have fun together, enhancement of the adolescent's self-esteem, and factors that promote school success. Youth are taught about the negative social and physical effects of substance use, they learn general life skills and social resistance skills, and they are provided opportunities to practice these skills. Parents are taught skills to help reinforce their teen's skills training. During the portion of each session involving the youth and parents together, they participate in a family enrichment activity and receive a homework assignment to complete before the next session.

The program is offered in six weekly 2-and-1/2-hour long sessions. Typical groups consist of 5 to 12 families. Sessions use videos, group discussion, and role-plays, plus high-energy activities for the teens. Two leaders are needed, one for the parent portion and one for the teen portion, with one of the two leaders also leading the parents and teens combined.

This is one of 3 versions of Active Parenting reviewed and rated on this website (search Active Parenting above). There is also a version of Active Parenting for parents of children under 5 called "Active Parenting First Five Years"; while the program has not yet been reviewed by the CEBC, you can find more information about it at https://activeparenting.com/product-category/for-leaders/parenting-curriculums-for-leaders/ages-0-4-parenting-curriculums-for-leaders/.

COPEing with Toddler Behaviour is an 8-session parent group designed to enhance caregiver skills in preventing and responding to challenging behaviour. In developing the course, current wisdom about toddler behaviour guidance, parent training, adult education, and large group processes were integrated. The group is for any parent of a child 12 to 36 months old. The primary goal of COPEing with Toddler Behaviour is to improve parent-child interaction in order to prevent the development of disruptive behaviour disorders.

Child-Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) is a play therapy-based treatment program for young children presenting with behavioral, emotional, social, and attachment disorders. CPRT is a systemic intervention grounded in Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) theory, attachment principles, and interpersonal neurobiology. CPRT is based on the premise that a secure parent-child relationship is the essential factor for a child's well-being. In a supportive group environment, parents learn skills to respond more effectively to their children's emotional and behavioral needs. In turn, children learn that they can count on their parents to reliably and consistently meet their needs for love, acceptance, safety, and security. In CPRT, parents are taught specific skills grounded in the principles and procedures of CCPT that focus on establishing or enhancing a secure attachment with their child and helping parents attune to and respond to their child's underlying needs rather than focus on symptoms. Parents learn to limit their children's problem behavior, while demonstrating empathy and respect for their children.

DCCTF'S Effective Black Parenting Program (EBPP; Authored by CICC) is a parenting skill-building program created specifically for parents of African-American children. It was originally designed as a 15-session program to be used with small groups of parents. A one-day seminar version of the program for large numbers of parents has been created. EBPP is disseminated via instructor training workshops conducted nationwide.

Defiant Children: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Parent Training provides clinicians with a scientifically based behavioral paradigm and set of methods in which to train parents in the management of defiant/ oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) children. The program involves training parents in 10 steps through weekly sessions that have proven effectiveness in reducing defiance and ODD symptoms in children ages 4-12 years. The manual also provides information on the assessment of these children prior to intervention and with rating scales to use to monitor changes that occur during treatment. The manual further provides the parent handouts that are to be given by the therapist at each step. Therapists are granted limited permission to photocopy the assessment tools and rating scales as well as the parent handouts for use with families undergoing treatment in their practice.

EPP is a home-based, parent-child therapy program for children 6 years of age and younger with significant behavior and/or emotional problems including trauma. It was designed specifically for a diverse population of very young children who come from families living in poverty, most of whom meet criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis. EPP emphasizes psychoeducation, direct clinician modeling to parents and other primary caretakers of effective strategies to strengthen the child's positive behaviors and reduce challenging ones, parent practice of new strategies with clinician feedback, and parent coaching. Treatment occurs weekly for an average of 8-12 weeks with booster sessions added as needed

FAST® - Elementary School Level is a 2-year prevention/early intervention program based on social ecological theory, family systems theory, social mobility theory, child development theory, and family stress theory. FAST® is designed to build relationships within and between families, schools, and communities (particularly in low-income areas) to improve childhood outcomes.

The intervention consists of an active outreach phase to engage and recruit families; 8 weeks of multifamily group meetings, each about 2.5 hours long; and continued in 2 years of monthly, parent-led group meetings. The 8 weekly sessions follow a preset schedule and include activities such as family communication and bonding games, parent-directed family meals, parent social support groups, between-family bonding activities, one-on-one child-directed play therapy, and opening and closing routines modeling family rituals. Sessions are led by trained culturally representative teams that include at least one member of the school staff in addition to parents and professionals from local social service agencies.

HNC is a skills-training program aimed at teaching parents how to obtain compliance in their children ages 3 to 8 years old. The goal is to improve parent-child interactions in order to reduce the escalation of problems into more serious disorders (e.g., conduct disorder, juvenile delinquency). The program is based on the theoretical assumption that noncompliance in children is a keystone behavior for the development of conduct problems; and that faulty parent-child interactions play a significant part in the development and maintenance of these problems.

Parents attend sessions with their children and trainers teach the parents core skills necessary for improving parent-child interactions and increasing their children's compliance.

P.E.T.'s purpose is to offer parents a set of skills for developing and maintaining effective relationships with their children and others. Parents learn listening skills to help their children when they have problems, self-disclosure skills to help themselves when their children cause problems for them, and skills to resolve conflicts and problems so that both the parent and the child gets their needs met. Class time is devoted to learning the concepts through short lectures, roleplaying, practice in small groups and workbook exercises. Each parent receives a set of standardized participant materials which includes a copy of Dr. Thomas Gordon's Parent Effectiveness Training (P.E.T.) book.

Parent-Child Care (PC-CARE) is a 7-week dyadic intervention, consisting of a pretreatment assessment/orientation to treatment and 6 one-hour-long treatment sessions, for a caregiver and child age 1-10 years who participate in treatment together. The caregiver can be biological, foster, kinship, adoptive, or another type of caregiver. This program is for caregivers and children who may:

• Be disruptive or defiant
• Have experienced a traumatic event
• Be adjusting to a new home or family situation
• Have difficulties within the caregiver-child relationship

PC-CARE has a variety of protocols for a wide range of populations and needs (e.g., trauma exposure, autism spectrum disorder). In PC-CARE each week, caregivers and children, if age appropriate, learn new strategies for enhancing the caregiver-child relationship and improving behavior management effectiveness. Therapists then coach caregivers while they play with the child, pointing out the strategies caregivers use that seem most effective for them and their child. The child is involved in the treatment process (teaching and coaching) as much as possible and appropriate.

Parenting Wisely: Teen Edition is a self-administered, highly interactive computer-based program that teaches parents and children, ages 11-18, skills to improve their relationships and decrease conflict through support and behavior management. The program utilizes a DVD for group administration or an interactive online program for individual administration with ten video scenarios depicting common challenges with adolescents. Parents are provided the choice of three solutions to these challenges and are able to view the scenarios enacted, while receiving feedback about each choice. Parents are quizzed periodically throughout the program and receive feedback. The program operates as a supportive tutor pointing out typical errors parents make and highlighting new skills that will help them resolve problems. Computer experience or literacy is not required. Parents and children can use the program together as a family intervention. The Parenting Wisely: Teen Edition program uses a risk-focused approach designed to reduce family conflict and child behavior problems and improve the quality of parent-child relationships. Note: There is a Young Child version of the program for parents of 3- to 10-year-old children that has not been reviewed or rated by the CEBC.

Positive Discipline Parent Education promotes an internal locus of control, self-regulation, understanding others' perspectives, and the desire to contribute in meaningful ways to the community. The model can be categorized as a form of "authoritative" parenting — one that promotes a strong parent-to-child connection, as well as clear boundaries/limits. This parent education program teaches parents specific tools to help implement authoritative parenting. Furthermore, these tools are designed to help parents balance being kind and firm at the same time. Examples of parenting tools include encouragement, using curiosity questions, tone of voice, acting without words, validating feelings, and limit setting. This program gives parents alternatives to using rewards and punishment.

Positive Discipline Parent Education is taught in groups using an experiential model. Participants engage with the material through role-play and activities that invite them to connect the new material with their current life. The model also gives parents/caregivers the opportunity to practice new skills within the safe environment of the class.

STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) is a multicomponent parenting education curriculum. The three STEP programs help parents learn effective ways to relate to their children from birth through adolescence by using parent education study groups. By identifying the purposes of children's behavior, STEP also helps parents learn how to encourage cooperative behavior in their children and how not to reinforce unacceptable behaviors. STEP also helps parents change dysfunctional and destructive relationships with their children by offering concrete alternatives to abusive and ineffective methods of discipline and control. STEP is offered in three separate programs covering early childhood, children ages seven through twelve, and teenagers. Each program contains a leader's resource guide, promotional tools, videos and parent handbooks.

The Incredible Years® Preschool Basic Parent Training Program (Treatment) is a group-based parent curriculum based on video modeling designed to strengthen parent-child interactions and attachment; reduce harsh discipline; foster parents' ability to promote children's social, emotional, and language development; and reduce externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Parents learn how to build school readiness skills and are encouraged to partner with teachers and day care professionals so they can promote children's emotional self-regulation and social skills. Lastly, the program focuses on increasing parents' self-regulation skills and social support.

The overall Triple P program is a multi-tiered system of 5 levels of education and support for parents and caregivers of children and adolescents. Although Triple P can be used in parts (e.g., using only one level of the five or a group version versus standard), this entry on the CEBC reviews System Triple P as a whole (i.e., using all 5 levels) in its standard version and only reviewed research evidence that evaluated the whole system. The CEBC also evaluated Triple P Level 4 as a separate program and it is rated a "1 - Well-Supported Research Evidence" on the Scientific Rating Scale in the areas of Parent Training Programs That Address Behavior Problems in Children and Adolescents and Disruptive Behavior Treatment (Child & Adolescent).

As a prevention program, System Triple P helps parents learn strategies that promote social competence and self-regulation in children. Parents become better equipped to handle the stress of everyday child rearing and children become better able to respond positively to their individual developmental challenges. As an early intervention, System Triple P can assist families in greater distress by working with parents of children who are experiencing moderate to severe behavior problems. Throughout the program, parents are encouraged to develop a parenting plan that makes use of a variety of System Triple P strategies and tools. System Triple P practitioners are trained, therefore, to work with parents' strengths and to provide a supportive, non-judgmental environment where a parent can continually improve their parenting skills.

Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) is a trauma-informed, whole-child approach to caring for vulnerable children and youth. Grounded in attachment theory and developmental neuroscience, TBRI Caregiver Training is designed to help caregivers to see the needs and meet the needs of children and youth in their care. The TBRI caregiving model is based on three sets of interacting principles: Connecting, Empowering, and Correcting. Consistent with the three pillars of trauma-informed care, the three sets of principles focus on building trust and felt-safety in the context of healthy relationships (Connecting), developing self-regulation skills (Empowering), and fostering behavioral and social competence (Correcting). TBRI Caregiver Training is designed to move from theory into practical applications by giving participants a knowledge base, then providing them with real-life strategies and tools they can use with children and youth.

TBRI Online Caregiver Training is a program available via 18 modules on a website that can be accessed in the home or any other location with Internet availability. The training presents the Trust-Based Relational Intervention, a holistic approach that is multidisciplinary, flexible, and attachment-centered. It is a trauma-informed intervention that is specifically designed for children who have histories of relational trauma or have experienced early adversity such as maltreatment, abuse, neglect, multiple home placements, and violence. TBRI consists of three sets of harmonious principles: Connecting, Empowering, and Correcting Principles. These principles have been used in homes, schools, orphanages, residential treatment centers, and other environments. They are designed for use with children and youth of all ages and risk levels. By helping caregivers understand what should have happened in early development, TBRI principles guide children and youth back to their natural developmental trajectory.

Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® - Level 3 Primary Care (Level 3 Triple P Primary Care) is one of the interventions within the Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® System (System Triple P) which is designed to help parents learn strategies to promote social competence and self-regulation in children as well as decrease problem behavior. Level 3 Triple P Primary Care is typically delivered as 1-4 brief, individual sessions with parents. Parents set personal goals, develop their own parenting plans, and learn to use positive parenting strategies to encourage children to learn the skills and competencies they need. Level 3 Triple P Primary Care is designed as brief, early intervention strategies to be offered by those in a community in regular contact with families of children and may include such settings as health care clinics, schools or early childhood education programs, childcare facilities, community libraries, and/or by other providers in various family-serving community agencies. One of the other Level 3 Triple P interventions, Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® - Level 3 Discussion Group, has been rated a 2 – Supported by Research Evidence on the CEBC Scientific Rating Scale and Triple P - Positive Parenting Program® - Level 4 (Level 4 Triple P) has been rated a 1 – Well-Supported by Research Evidence on the same scale.